Reading Week – Outreach

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"Conquering" the Milky Way, stars and planetary systems	The University of Porto is celebrating in 2021 its 110th anniversary. This year of celebrations includes the series "Future Makers" and Tiago Campante, IA researcher, was interviewed within the theme "Space". In this interview, Tiago explains a bit of his professional career and presents the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), in which he currently develops his work. He also talks about his research in specific areas: star oscillations, exoplanets and galactic archeology, as well as about the Portuguese participation in several space missions. Content in Portuguese. Watch the full interview here » https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GMDqz4GAbus
"Next Generation Astronomy" and Fado	Meet the "Next Generation Astronomy", followed by a concert by fado singer Casimira Alves, on the 1st of June. The event starts at 21h30, in Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian - Centro Ciência Viva, in Lisboa, with the talk "Next Generation Astronomy” given in English by José Afonso, coordinator of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, followed by a fado concert by Casimira Alves, with Paulo Leitão playing the Portuguese guitar and Miguel Almeida in the classical guitar. Organized by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, in partnership with Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian - Centro Ciência Viva, this event is part of the social program of the IV International Conference on Applications in Optics and Photonics (AOP2019), taking place in Lisboa. The event is open to the public with no registration required but limited to the available places.
"Programming" our galaxy using Scratch	The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço supports once more the national programming competition "A Criar com Scratch!" (Creating with Scratch!) setting as a theme for this year's edition "Our galaxy: the Milky Way". The competition "A Criar com Scratch!" involves the creation and development of Scratch projects, such as games, animations, or presentations, about a Space-related subject. It is open to children and teenagers from pre-school to 9th grade, mentored by a teacher or parent. By stimulating the use of a basic programming language, this competition aims to promote digital literacy, developing programming and problem-solving skills, as well as memory, focus, logical thinking and creativity. Another goal is to promote interdisciplinarity and the outreach and sharing of educational resources developed in schools. This initiative is promoted by Centro de Competência TIC da Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal (CCTICESE/IPS), through project EDUSCRATCH, in partnership with Direção-Geral da Educação (DGE) do Ministério da Educação, Comissão de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens (CPCJ) of Setúbal and Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço. Registration is now open but projects can only be submitted between the 1st of February and the 1st of April 2020. The three best projects from each school level will be awarded. More information and registration can be found on the official website (in Portuguese).
"Roman gods" on the sky of July: planets through the telescope	In this Summer night, enjoy the view over the southern sky from the terrace of Museu de Lisboa - Teatro Romano, in the company of researchers of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA). See through the telescope planets that until today carry the name of Roman gods: planet Jupiter and its largest moons, Saturn, and also Venus will be visible in the early evening. In this night a total lunar eclipse will also occur, as the Moon will be immersed in the shadow of our planet Earth during about 1h 45m. You will be able to see its reddish colour until 23h19, as well as to see in detail the craters on the surface of our satellite. Finally, learn that the stars, many of which with names give by Arab astronomers, are not all the same, and talk with IA researchers about the latest discoveries in the study of the solar system. Information on the Museu de Lisboa - Teatro Romano website. Notes: The activity is subject to good weather conditions, which may be known only on the same day after 2pm. Recommended for ages 3 and above.
“Astro-archeology” reveals ancient system with 5 earth-sized exoplanets	An international team, which includes researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), detected five ancient exoplanets in the Kepler-444 system, with sizes between Mercury and Venus. Learn more (only in Portuguese) »
“Cotton Candy” exoplanet might be planet with rings	A team from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) found evidence which suggests this type of exoplanet, apparently with very low densities, might be similar to Uranus, with rings more than 2.5 times the size of the planet. Learn more » (only in Portuguese)
[suspended] Ignite IAstro - Ílhavo	Researchers of the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço will take us on a journey from the Solar System to the edge of the Universe in five-minute presentations. The Ignite IAstro format allows the presentation of about ten different research topics in space sciences in Portugal in an accessible and amusing format. We will travel from the stars to the galaxies and to the edge of the Universe, at the same time introducing the instruments that enable us to get that far. In each Ignite IAstro event, eight to ten researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço present their research in only five minutes each. Following the Ignite format, each researcher will have to speak at the pace of a sequence of 20 slides that advances automatically every 15 seconds.
Reading Week 2021How the sky shines in the words	There are universes inside the books, but reading also spreads the Universe and creates readers eager to unveil its mysteries. The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) celebrates the Reading Week 2021, an initiative of Plano Nacional de Leitura (PNL). Join our five guests on a conversation about reading, books, and how the sky becomes much brighter inside us through what we learn about it while reading. Guests Andreia Nunes (writer, researcher at CIES-IUL) Helena Rafael (Gradiva Publicações) João Lin Yun (IA, Ciências ULisboa) Paulo Ferreira (The Book Company) Rui Agostinho (IA, Ciências ULisboa) Attend and ask questions through IA's channel on YouTube (in Portuguese).
100 years of space-time: Gravitational Waves - The cosmic symphony that shook the world	In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to gravitational waves. The 29th of May marked the centenary of the observations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, in Sobral (Brazil) and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which resulted in the confirmation of one of Einstein's General Relativity Theory predictions. This theory passed another test in September 2015, with the first detection of gravitational waves. The talk from Francisco Lobo, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL) is dedicated to them. All activities are free, but the talk is limited to the number of places available. The guided visits to the observatory require prior registration upon arrival. Organized by IA, this event is part of the exhibition E3 – Einstein, Eddington and the Eclipse, framed within the project Eddington @ Sundy: 100 years after. Program: 21h30 Gravitational Waves - The cosmic symphony that shook the world (in Portuguese) by Francisco Lobo, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade e Lisboa (FCUL). 23h00 1st Guided visit to the Observatory 23h30 2nd Guided visit to the Observatory 24h00 3rd Guided visit to the Observatory 21h30 – 00h30 Astronomical observations Throughout 2019, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) celebrates its 100 years of existence. IA joins the celebrations with multiple events.
100 years of space-time: The Bright Side of the Universe	In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to the bright side of the Universe. The 29th of May marked the centenary of the observations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, in Sobral (Brazil) and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which resulted in the confirmation of one of Einstein's General Relativity Theory predictions. Hundred years after, our vision of the Universe is extraordinarily more vaste than in Einstein's time. In the meanwhile, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that our galaxy is only one in a cosmic ocean inhabited by other galaxies. What do we know today about these islands of light that spread in vast groups through space, as far as astronomical instruments can reach? How did galaxies form and what is their common story? We will close the cycle "100 years of space-time" with a voyage to this bright side of the Universe. All activities are free, but the talk is limited to the number of places available. The guided visits to the observatory require prior registration upon arrival. Organized by IA, this event is part of the exhibition E3 – Einstein, Eddington and the Eclipse, framed within the project Eddington @ Sundy: 100 years after. Program: 21h30 The Bright Side of the Universe (in Portuguese) by José Afonso, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade e Lisboa (FCUL). 23h00 1st Guided visit to the Observatory 23h30 2nd Guided visit to the Observatory 24h00 3rd Guided visit to the Observatory 21h30 – 00h30 Astronomical observations Throughout 2019, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) celebrates its 100 years of existence. IA joins the celebrations with multiple events.
100 years of space-time: The Dark Side of the Eclipse	In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to the dark side of the Universe. The 29th of May marked the centenary of the observations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, in Sobral (Brazil) and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which resulted in the confirmation of one of Einstein's General Relativity Theory predictions. The discovery of unexpected components of the Universe - dark matter and dark energy - makes us reconsider Einstein's gravitation theory, which, in all other aspects, has been summing up sucess after success. The dark side of the Universe is the theme of the talk of Tiago Barreiro from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Universidade Lusófona. All activities are free, but the talk is limited to the number of places available. The guided visits to the observatory require prior registration upon arrival. Organized by IA, this event is part of the exhibition E3 – Einstein, Eddington and the Eclipse, framed within the project Eddington @ Sundy: 100 years after. Program: 21h30 The Dark Side of the Eclipse (in Portuguese) by Tiago Barreiro, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Universidade Lusófona. 23h00 1st Guided visit to the Observatory 23h30 2nd Guided visit to the Observatory 24h00 3rd Guided visit to the Observatory 21h30 – 00h30 Astronomical observations Throughout 2019, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) celebrates its 100 years of existence. IA joins the celebrations with multiple events.
100 years of space-time: The Origin of Time in Cosmology: back to Einstein's message	In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to Einstein's contribution to science. The 29th of May marked the centenary of the observations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, in Sobral (Brazil) and Príncipe (São Tomé e Príncipe), which resulted in the confirmation of one of Einstein's General Relativity Theory predictions. The concept of a Block Universe, in which the past, present and future coexist, partly appears within the context of Einstein's relativity theories. It represented a step forward in the removal of time from Physics theories, which was not totally reasonable for Einstein, as noticed in his hesitation in recognizing that these scientific descriptions failed to completely satisfy our human needs; there is something essential about the Now (the present moment) that is outside the realm of science. It is within this context that Paulo Crawford, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, will discuss the concept of Newton's absolute time versus Einstein's relative time, the removal of time in the frame of a Block Universe and the Rebirth of Time, within Cosmology, in a never ending conciliation struggle between general relativity and quantum theories. All activities are free, but the talk is limited to the number of places available. The guided visits to the observatory require prior registration upon arrival. Organized by IA, this event is part of the exhibition E3 – Einstein, Eddington and the Eclipse, framed within the project Eddington @ Sundy: 100 years after. Program: 21h30 The Origin of Time in Cosmology: back to Einstein's message (in Portuguese) by Paulo Crawford, from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade e Lisboa (FCUL). 23h00 1st Guided visit to the Observatory 23h30 2nd Guided visit to the Observatory 24h00 3rd Guided visit to the Observatory 21h30 – 00h30 Astronomical observations Throughout 2019, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) celebrates its 100 years of existence. IA joins the celebrations with multiple events.
10th June, is Portugal Day and day of eclipse	In 2021, the Portugal Day, an day of the Portuguese poet Camões and of the Portuguese communities spread across the world, is also going to be a day of solar eclipse. In the Arctic, the eclipse will be annular. In Portugal, it will be partial, with Azores offering the best view of the show. Article by Ricardo Cardoso Reis, of IA and Planetário do Porto, in partnership with National Geographic Portugal Full article available (in Portuguese) at the National Geographic Portugal website.
20 years of Portugal at ESO	Participate in an online session celebrating twenty years of the expansion of Portuguese Astronomy with the European Southern Observatory (ESO). From the discoveries enabled by ESO telescopes to the adventure of building astronomical instruments at the leading-edge, there is plenty to celebrate. Subscribe to our YouTube channel and ask questions to the speakers through the chat window. Panel speakers Teresa Lago (International Astronomical Union general secretary – IAU) Chiara Manfletti (President of Portugal Space) Paulo Garcia (Portuguese scientific delegate at ESO Council) José Afonso (IA coordinator) IA researchers Alexandre Cabral Doris Arzoumanian Iris Breda Jarle Brinchmann João Retrê Nuno Santos Vardan Adibekyan Live transmission Watch the live transmission on the window below. If you would like to participate asking questions, visit IA's channel on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CM5FtZe9lno
3D map of the Universe in its infancy reveals 4 thousand young galaxies	An international team, with the participation of the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) researcher Ana Afonso and led by IA's collaborator David Sobral (University of Lancaster), presented one of the largest 3D maps of the Universe in its infancy, in which about four thousand young galaxies have been discovered. In this work, published online in two papers¹ and presented in the European Week of Astronomy and Space Sciences (EWASS), the team observed on different wavelenghts, to calculate the redshift² of these galaxies. By this mean, it obtained several windows for 16 different periods in the history of the Universe, between 11 and 13 billion years ago, meaning between 7% and 13% of the Universe's current age. Learn more » (only in Portuguese) Notes: The papers were published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society on February 9th and February 14th. The redshift is a property of electromagnetic waves similar to the change in sound heard when an ambulance moves away from us (the so-called Doppler effect). This effect occurs in (light and sound) waves when the velocity of the object moving away from us increases the wavelenght. It can, therefore, be used as a measure of the distance, since the larger the redshift of the object (a galaxy, for example), the more distant and farther back in time it is.
51 Pegasi b - 25 years	On the 6th of October 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz announced the discovery of the first exoplanet around a Sun-like star - 51 Pegasi b. This discovery was rewarded with the 2019 Nobel Physics Prize. To commemorate the 25th birthday of this discovery, IA researchers Nuno Cardoso Santos, Susana Barros, Sérgio Sousa and João Faria, from IA's thematic line "Towards the detection and characterization of other Earths" share the meaning of this discovery, which turned out to be a real scientific revolution.. Watch the video below (in Portuguese). Watch this and other videos on IA's YouTube channel. https://youtu.be/qPJY2wzrv5E
A Christmas away from Earth	With Pedro Machado, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL). This Christmas, set on a journey through the planets and moons of the Solar System and discover some of their secrets. Are there life forms deep in the oceans of Europa, one of Jupiter's moons? And how is it to see the sunset from the top of the highest of the volcanoes, on Mars? We will also see if we can spend a Christmas season on planets beyond the Solar System, planets so far away that even the light from their hosts stars take years to reach us. Join this voyage, in which we will also talk about the greatest challenges and risks of interplanetary travel and of the colonization of other planets. After the public talk (in Portuguese), there will be a music and effects show projected on the planetary dome, and observations of the night sky with telescopes will run continuously until midnight, if weather conditions allow (guided tours available in English). Noites no Observatório are organised by the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, in partnership with the Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian - Centro de Ciência Viva.
A Coffee in Space	Have a chat with researchers about the new horizons of Astronomy. The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço joins the Junta de Freguesia de Alvalade, in Lisboa, in the event Há Vida no Bairro (There is Life in the Neighbourhood), in the organization of three chat sessions with IA researchers, under the name Um Café no Espaço (A Coffee in Space). The sessions will take place in the following locations and schedules: Travels in space and time 17h30: Um Café no Espaço, with Francisco Lobo. Terrace of Pastelaria Helsínquia (Avenida da Igreja, nº 12). The Universe of telescopes 17h30: Um Café no Espaço, with Alexandre Cabral Confeitaria Nova Lisboa (Avenida da Igreja, nº 29). A new window over the Universe 21h00: Um Café no Espaço, with Ciro Pappalardo Pastelaria Luanda (Avenida dos Estados Unidos da América, nº 97).
A Criar com Scratch! in 2019	A Criar com Scratch! (Creating with Scratch) in 2019 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço joins Centro de Competência TIC of Escola Superior de Educação from Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal (CCTICESE/IPS) in the National Programming Competition “A Criar com Scratch!”. This initiative intends to promote the development of programming, logic thinking, problem solving and cooperation skills. It also intends to stimulate focus, memory, creativity, critical thinking, autonomy, and interpersonal relationships contributing to the development of the competences described in the 21st century student profile (in Portuguese). A Criar com Scratch! also aims at increasing interest in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, promoting both digital and Astronomy literacy. The competition targets groups of students from pre-school to secondary school, from both public and private institutions and involves the creation and development of projects using SCRATCH¹. Theme: THE SOLAR SYSTEM The national programming competition “A Criar com Scratch!” is promoted by Centro de Competência TIC of Escola Superior de Educação from Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal (CCTICESE/IPS) through project EDUSCRATCH, in partnership with Direção-Geral da Educação (DGE) from Ministério da Educação, Comissão de Proteção de Crianças e Jovens (CPCJ) de Setúbal and Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço. The winners of the 2019 edition have already been selected. The winners list can be checked here. Check the rules (in Portuguese). Visit the project's page (in Portuguese). See the poster. 1. SCRATCH is a programming language especially made for youngsters and freely available. More information here.
A miniature Solar System and the youngest rocky exoplanets	An international team, which includes several researchers from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), has discovered a "miniature" version of our Solar System, as well as the youngest rocky exoplanets ever discovered. Learn more » (only in Portuguese)
A new machine learning tool to derive stellar parameters	A team from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço developed an automatic computational tool, able to quickly and reliably derive stellar parameters of red dwarf stars. Learn more » (in Portuguese only)
A new measurement technique found at the frontier between Physics and Astronomy	The search for exoplanets will get to the next level with the detection and characterization of Earth-like planets. A new instrument in this quest is the ESPRESSO¹ spectrograph. With Portuguese participation, it is installed in one of the best telescopes in the world, the Very Large Telescope (VLT), of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), in Chile. It will enable the detection, in the light of the stars, of the tiny effects induced by planets as small as Earth. One of the effects of the presence of exoplanets is on the motion of the star. For this reason, ESPRESSO will have to measure the velocity in the movement of the stars with deviations from the real value not exceeding ten metres per second. An alternative technique was now discovered that is capable of calibrating the data of this spectrograph in order to attain such an accuracy. It uses a system already available at the VLT, although created for other purposes, and is announced in a paper published in the Physical Review Letters, the outcome of a study led by Frédéric Vogt, of ESO, with the participation of Pedro Figueira, of ESO and Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), and Alexandre Cabral, of IA and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL). Learn more » Notas The ESPRESSO spectrograph is a high-resolution instrument that will enable the discover of Earlh-like exoplanets. The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) had a strong participation in the consortium, and so will have privileged access to the scientific exploitation of this instrument. ESPRESSO will also be the most powerful tool in the world to test if the physical constants of Nature have changed since the early ages of the Universe, as predicted by some fundamental theories of Physics.
A new method to measure stellar inclinations	Led by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) researchers, a new study developed a method to measure, in an automatic way, the inclination angle between the Earth and the rotation axis of red giant stars. Measuring stellar inclinations is fundamental to understand the formation and evolution of planetary systems. Using asteroseismic¹ techniques, an international team² led by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA³) researcher Charlotte Gehan, used the Kepler space telescope (NASA) to search for pulsations in 1139 red giant stars, to obtain information on the physical conditions inside these stars and measurements of their inclination angle. [caption id="attachment_20419" align="alignleft" width="298"] The figure represents in blue a histogram of the distribution of inclinations that was obtained for 1139 red giant stars. The red curve represents a distribution qualified as isotropic, in sine, corresponding to stellar rotation axes that are randomly oriented. (Credit: Gehan et al. (2021).)[/caption] Gehan (IA & UPorto), the first author of the paper⁴ now published in the Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, comments: “We used asteroseismology to revisit the problem of inferring the statistical distribution of inclinations for large samples of stars, a powerful tool to probe the physical conditions that prevailed when stars formed”. To Margarida Cunha (IA & UPorto), workgroup leader in international consortiums linked to missions like PLATO (ESA) and TESS (NASA): “Being able to accurately measure the inclination angle of the rotation axis of stars is crucial to constrain the evolution of their planetary systems.” The team analyzed Red Giant Branch stars observed by Kepler, including mainly field stars. The large sample analyzed by the team allowed the researchers to characterize the biases affecting inclination measurements. “We developed an automated approach that opens the way to unveiling the physical mechanisms driving the formation of stars inside hundreds of open clusters observed by the TESS space mission, which are still a matter of debate”. Charlotte Gehan They were able to develop a general and automated approach to derive seismic measurements of stellar inclinations, which can now be applied to any solar-type pulsator for which oscillation modes are identified. This was the first automatic measurement of the inclination angle on a large scale and it shed a new light on how the statistical distribution of inclinations can be recovered for a random stellar sample. Notes Asteroseismology is the study of stellar interiors, by measuring seismic oscillations at the star’s surface. In seismology, the different vibration modes from an Earthquake can be used to study the Earth’s interior, in order to get data from the composition and depth of its different layers. In a similar fashion, oscillations at the star’s surface can be used to infer the internal structure and composition of a star. The team is: Gehan (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaco, U. Porto), B. Mosser, E. Michel (LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, U. PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne U., U. de Paris) andM. S. Cunha (Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaco, U. Porto & School of Physics and Astronomy, U. Birmingham). The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences – IA) is the reference Portuguese research unit in this field, integrating researchers from the University of Lisbon and the University of Porto, and encompasses most of the field’s national scientific output. It was evaluated as "Excellent" in the last evaluation of research and development units undertaken by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). IA's activity is funded by national and international funds, including FCT/MCES (UIDB/04434/2020 e UIDP/04434/2020). The article *"Automated approach to measure stellar inclinations: validation through large-scale measurements on the red giant branch"* was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics 645, A124, 22 January 2021 (DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039285) Contacts Charlotte Gehan Margarida Cunha Science Communication Group Ricardo Cardoso Reis ; Sérgio Pereira ; Filipe Pires (Coordenação, Porto) ; João Retrê (Coordenação, Lisboa)
A new tool to study galaxy evolution	RemoveYoung is a new tool developed by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) astronomers Jean Michel Gomes and Polychronis Papaderos. It is designed to suppress, from galaxy images, the luminosity contribution of young stars. This new tool was presented yesterday by Gomes in an advanced course on stellar populations in galaxies, at the Institute of Astronomy of the University of Vienna. The optical appearance (morphology) of galaxies is the result of their evolutionary history, but how the assembly history of galaxies is imprinted on their present-day morphology is one of the most tantalizing enigmas in extragalactic research. Learn more »
A preview of the Venus atmosphere in 3D	The first approach to a three-dimensional reconstruction of the atmospheric circulation of Venus is presented in an review paper co-authored by Pedro Machado, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL). This study, published in the Geophysical Research Letters, gathers data about wind speed and atmospheric temperature at different heights. The data was collected within roughly a month, and independently, by two space missions, MESSENGER, of NASA, and Venus Express, of ESA, and by several instruments on the ground. This is an important input to the future understanding of what caused and sustains the super-rotation¹ of the Venus atmosphere. Learn more » 1. The super-rotation of Venus atmosphere is a phenomenon in which, due to the winds parallel to the equator, or zonal winds, the atmosphere circles the planet in just little more than four Earth days, that is, 60 times faster than the rotation period of the solid globe, which is 243 Earth days. As a consequence, the normal wind speed relative to the surface is about 360 km/h.
A solar sibling identical to the Sun	An international team, led by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) researcher Vardan Adibekyan, used a novel method to detect solar siblings. The article was published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. Solar siblings are the thousands of stars which formed in the same massive cluster as the Sun, about 4.6 billion years ago. As time went by, the stars in the cluster disbanded and scattered throughout our galaxy, making it very difficult to find them. Vardan Adibekyan (IA & University of Porto) explains the importance of finding these stars: “Since there isn’t much information about the Sun’s past, studying these stars can help us understand where in the Galaxy and under which conditions the Sun was formed.” Learn more »
A star in the winter sky : T Tauri	T Tauri is a variable star in the constellation of Taurus that is located roughly at a distance of 470 light-years. This star was discovered in 1852 and today is generally considered the prototype of a class of variable stars that received its name. Among them, T Tauri, is the brightest yet known. The systematic study of T Tauri stars was only undertaken as late as the 1940s. One of their most salient features is their link with nebulae. These are star formation regions where the processes of formation and evolution are responsible for the apparent fluctuations in the brightness of these stars. Consequently, the term 'T Tauri class' is used nowadays to describe young stars of little mass and still under gravitational contraction, before the outset of nuclear reactions inside them. So, these are stars with less than two or three times the mass of the Sun, and aged only a few million years. The study of this class of stars allow us to gain an understanding of the evolution of our own star, the Sun. Author: Jorge Gameiro Researcher of IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”.
A star in the winter sky : Herbig-Haro 34 object	Herbig-Haro 34 object (HH 34) is located in the Orion nebula, a broad star formation region that is located to the south of the belt of this famous hunter in the Greek mythology. This object is the product of the interaction between the jet emitted by a very young star, or protostar, and the interstellar medium. The protostar emits dense gas in a fast series of events, or in gusts, and its intense magnetic field constrains the jet to a single direction. It is one of the aims of current research to unveil the physical mechanism responsible for such emission. In the case of HH 34, observations in the course of more than 20 years have enabled us to follow, in real time, the development of this jet. Author: João Lima Researcher at IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”
A star in the winter sky : Mekbuda	The star Mekbuda, in the constellation of Gemini, is a pulsating star. Its pulsating nature allows researchers to obtain more information from it than from a non-variable star. The characteristics of pulsations are related to the internal properties of the star. By studying how it pulsates we may know how its internal structure is. Pulsations cause variations in the stellar radius, which then cause the surface temperature to change and thus the colour. The spectral type of Mekbuda, goes from F (white-yellow) to G (yellow). However, it is unusual that a star changes its spectral type due to pulsations. Only some pulsating stars, like Cepheids, have such dramatic variation in their radius to cause that change. Indeed, Mekbuda is a classical Cepheid, a well known type of variable stars that has been used to measure distances in the Universe. Author: Antonio García Hernández Researcher of IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”.
A star in the winter sky : Mintaka	Mintaka is the westernmost of the three stars of Orion’s belt, that is the marker of the northern night sky during the winter. It is not a single star but actually a multiple star system with four different stars. The main component itself is composed of a close binary system, which has a third, distant, companion. A fourth star is located in between the binary system and the distant companion. In ancient Chinese, Mintaka is the star that will bring people fame, official title and studying achievement. Author: Chen Jiang Researcher of IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”.
A star in the winter sky : Procyon A	Procyon A (in the constellation of Canis Minor) was one of the first solar-type variable stars ever discovered. The small, but constant expansion and contraction of this star can be detected through the observation of periodic movements on its surface or the periodic variation of its brightness. These movements were first detected in 1991, but in 2004 the variable character of this star was challenged following the analysis of new data collected with the Canadian MOST space telescope. The argument was definitely settled when a campaign of observations involving 11 ground-based telescopes enabled the characterisation of the small oscillations of the star, giving scientists the chance to study its inside. Author: Margarida S. Cunha Researcher of IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”.
A star in the winter sky : Rigel	Rigel is the brightest star in the constellation Orion. It is ranked as the seventh brightest star in the night sky. Interestingly, Rigel is only 10 million years old, compared to our Sun, which is aged 4.5 billion years. It is expected to end its life in a massive explosion scientifically know as a supernova. Author: Benard Nsamba Researcher of IA in the thematic line “Towards a comprehensive study of stars”.
A super earth in the Solar System's neighborhood	The discovery of super earth Gl411b, only eight light-years away, with three times the mass of the Earth, had the participation of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) researchers. Learn more » (only in Portuguese)
A Universe Aglow	Observations made with the MUSE spectrograph, with the collaboration of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), allowed for direct detection of the invisible glow of Lyman-alpha emission, from dim clouds of hydrogen in the early Universe. Learn more (in Portuguese) »
A Universe with ALMA	Improving our understanding of the Universe involves having access, among others, to bigger and bigger telescopes. In this sense, collaboration in Astronomy is crucial for the development of this scientific field. In a time when the next megatelescopes are already under construction, we will talk about the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), the first of these telescopes. In particular, we will talk about the ALMA's contribution to a type of observations that will transform the Earth in one telescope. In this talk, we will explore the immense potential of these megetelescopes, from the observation of the supermassive black hole in the centre of the Milky Way, to the formation of jets in galaxies. Noites no Observatório are organised by the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, in partnership with the Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian – Centro de Ciência Viva.
A water world in another planetary system	An international team, including several researchers from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), studied in detail the LHS 1140 system and found that the "b" exoplanet, which orbits within the stars habitability zone, should have a large ocean of liquid water. Learn more (in Portuguese) »
Active Galaxies: where matter meets cosmic monsters	The hearts of some galaxies are among the most violent places in the Universe, powered by titanic black holes. Some of these black holes swallow, every year, the mass of a thousand Suns. Let’s get closer. Article by Abhishek Rajesh Chougule, of IA and FCUP, in partnership with National Geographic Portugal Full article available (in Portuguese) at the National Geographic Portugal website.
An Adventure at the Speed of Light	The second IAstro Júnior session of 2019, “An Adventure at the Speed of Light“, will take place at the Porto Planetarium - Ciência Viva Centre, on the 16th of November, at 5:30 pm. The researchers Pedro Palmeirim, João Lima and David Alves from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), the Porto University and Lisbon University will tell us, in three short, simple and interactive presentations how stars are formed, how do they work and how can we study them using telescopes. More information (in Portuguese) here.
An Adventure in a Black Hole	The third IAstro Júnior session of 2019, “An Adventure in a Black Hole“, will take place at the Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium – Ciência Viva Centre, on the 14th of September, at 6 pm. The researchers Tiago Barreiro, Francisco Lobo and Israel Matute from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), the Lusófona University and the Lisbon University will tell us, in three short, simple and interactive presentations what is a black hole and how does it work, how can we see them and many other curiosities about these mysterious objects. More information (in Portuguese) here.
An Adventure on Another Planet	The first IAstro Júnior session of 2019, “An Adventure on Another Planet“, will take place at the Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium – Ciência Viva Centre, on the 16th of March, at 6 pm. The researchers Ruben Gonçalves, Alberto Negrão and Rui Agostinho from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria and the Lisbon University will present us, in three short, simple and interactive presentations, some of the moons and planets of the Solar System, talk about interplanetary travelling and share the knowns and unknowns of this field as well as the techniques and instruments used to find the answers to our remaining questions. More information (in Portuguese) here.
An Adventure Searching for Aliens	The second IAstro Júnior session of 2019, “An Adventure Searching for Aliens“, will take place at the Porto Planetarium - Ciência Viva Centre, on the 4th of May, at 5:30 pm. The researchers João Faria, Luisa Serrano and Daniel Folha from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), the Polytechnic and Universitary Institute for Health Sciences and the Porto University will tell us, in three short, simple and interactive presentations what is life, which are the basic conditions for its existence and how can we find it outside the Earth. More information (in Portuguese) here.
An ESPRESSO to Other Worlds	An adventure of Portuguese astronomy and engineering in the World's driest desert, the Atacama, in Chile. Registration required. The event is held in Portuguese. Questions may be asked in English. In the last 30 years we have discovered that nearly all the stars we see in the sky at night have planets around them. Most of these planets should be rocky, like Earth. How do we know that? And how does this change the way we look at the sky? [caption id="attachment_22310" align="alignleft" width="298"] ESPRESSO team next to one of the telescopes in one of the many missions of the “Coudé Train” to Paranal. From left to right, Pedro Santos (IA), Gerardo Ávila (ESO), Bernard Delabre (ESO), Denis Mégevand (OBSGE), Alexandre Cabral (IA), Manuel Abreu (IA), David Alves (IA) and António Oliveira (IA). Credits: Alexandre Cabral, 17-09-2016[/caption] With scientific ambition and technological ingenuity, Portuguese scientists and engineers are among the pioneers in the journey of discovery of other worlds. Among photographs and memories, join us in this event and learn about this technological and human adventure, moved by the desire of finding other “Earths” in the Universe. Book launch, Talk and Conversation with Nuno C. Santos (IA and FCUP), Alexandre Cabral (IA and FCUL) and Claudio Melo (Agência Espacial Portuguesa). The first 100 registrations will receive a copy of the book (one book per e-mail address used in the registration, regardless of the number of participants).
An optical system designed for the next X rays telescope	The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) will lead the development of a precision optical system for ESA's future space telescope dedicated to the study of extreme events in the Universe, the Athena X rays Observatory. Manuel Abreu, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (Ciências ULisboa), talked to the national radio Antena 1 about this project led by IA and with the participation of the Portuguese industry. https://cdn-ondemand.rtp.pt/nas2.share/wavrss/at1/2007/Osdiasdofuturo026_6487045-2007281805.mp3
An Universe far from trivial	With João Lin Yun, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa In Science, it is common to find misconceptions that became generalised popular believes. Does the size of the Moon change throughout the night? Is it warmer in the Summer because the Earth is closer to the Sun? In an interactive format, with your family or in a team, test what you know about astronomy and discover interesting aspects about what we see in the sky. After the public talk (in Portuguese), there will be a music and effects show projected on the planetary dome, and observations of the night sky with telescopes will run continuously until midnight, if weather conditions allow (guided tours available in English). Noites no Observatório are organised by the Instituto de Astrofisica e Ciências do Espaço, in partnership with the Planetário Calouste Gulbenkian – Centro de Ciência Viva.
Another Mercury, but as large as Earth	It is very similar to Earth in size, but has two and half times the mass of our planet, which makes it after all much denser and, in its global composition, more resembling Mercury. A planet discovered at a distance of 340 light-years might clarify the peculiarities of the Sun’s nearest planet, according to a paper published today in Nature Astronomy and authored by an international team including nine researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA). Planet K2-229 b grabbed the attention of the team for its size very similar to Earth’s. However, its metallic core should make up 68% of the mass, comparing to less than one third in the case of our planet. This result wouldn’t be expected considering the chemical composition of the parent star, says Vardan Adibekyan (IA and Universidade do Porto), one of the authors of this study and who contributed to the chemical characterisation of the star K2-229. Learn more »
Ariel mission formally adopted by the European Space Agency	This ESA mission, the first dedicated to study the nature, formation and evolution of exoplanets, has a strong participation of several researchers from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA). Learn more (in Portuguese) » or Read the official press release from ESA.
Around the Universe in 40 questions	We have an appointment with you in your home, because the Universe fits inside it. Thinking of you, we prepared a series of events accessible through the internet under the title The Universe Online. In the company of Fernando Buitrago, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (Ciências ULisboa), join a Q&A game and test what you know about the Universe. Live transmission [embed width="752" height="423"]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9foG8Nrnbs[/embed]
Artificial Intelligence helps in the identification of astronomical objects	SHEEP is a new artificial intelligence software, developed by researchers at *Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço*, in Portugal, to help classify astronomical sources. 26th of May 2022 – Classifying celestial objects is a long standing problem. With sources at near unimaginable distances, sometimes it’s difficult for researchers to distinguish, for example, between stars, galaxies, quasars¹ or supernovae². “The problem of classifying celestial objects is very challenging, in terms of the numbers and the complexity of the Universe, and artificial intelligence is a very promising tool for this type of task.” Andrew Humphrey Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço’s (IA³) researchers Pedro Cunha and Andrew Humphrey tried to solve this classical problem by creating SHEEP, a machine learning algorithm, which determines the nature of astronomical sources. The first author of the article⁴ now published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, Pedro Cunha, a PhD student at IA and in the Dep. of Physics and Astronomy of the Science Faculty of the University of Porto, thinks: “This work was born as a side project from my MSc thesis. It combined the lessons learned during that time into a unique project.”. Andrew Humphrey, Pedro Cunha’s MSc advisor and now PhD co-advisor pointed out that: “It was very cool to get such an interesting result, especially from a master's thesis!” SHEEP is a supervised machine learning pipeline which estimates photometric⁵ redshifts⁶ and uses this information when subsequently classifying the sources as a galaxy, quasar or star. “The photometric information is the easiest to obtain and thus is very important to provide a first analysis about the nature of the observed sources.”, says Pedro Cunha. A novel step in our pipeline is that prior to performing the classification, SHEEP first estimates photometric redshifts, which are then placed into the data set as an additional feature for classification model training. The team found that including the redshift and the coordinates of the objects allows the AI to understand them within a 3D map of the Universe, and use that together with color information, to make better estimations of source properties. For example, the AI learnt that there is a higher chance of finding stars closer to the Milky Way plane than at the Galactic Poles. Andrew Humphrey (IA & University of Porto) added: “When we allowed the AI to have a 3D view of the Universe, this really improved its ability to make accurate decisions about what each celestial object was.” [caption id="attachment_22480" align="alignleft" width="298"] Artist's impression of the Euclid spacecraft. (Credit: ESA/ATG medialab (spacecraft); NASA, ESA, CXC, C. Ma, H. Ebeling and E. Barrett (U. Hawaii/IfA), et al. and STScI (background))[/caption] Wide-area surveys, both ground- and space-based, like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), have yielded high volumes of data, revolutionizing the field of astronomy. Future surveys, carried out by the likes of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory , the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), the Euclid (ESA) space mission or the James Webb Space Telescope (NASA/ESA) will continue to give us more detailed imaging. However, analyzing all the data using traditional analysis methods can be time consuming due to the extremely high volume of data. AI or machine learning will be crucial for analyzing and making the best scientific use of this new data. “One of the most exciting parts is seeing how machine learning is helping us to better understand the universe. Our methodology shows us one possible path, while new ones are created along the process. It is an exciting time for Astronomy!” Pedro Cunha This work is part of the team's effort towards exploiting the expected deluge of data to come from those surveys, by developing artificial intelligence systems that efficiently classify and characterize billions of sources. Imaging and spectroscopic surveys are one of the main resources for the understanding of the visible content of the Universe. The data from these surveys enables statistical studies of stars, quasars and galaxies , and the discovery of more peculiar objects. For the Principal Investigator of the research group “The assembly history of galaxies resolved in space and time” at IA, Polychronis Papaderos: "The development of advanced Machine Learning algorithms, such as SHEEP, is an integral component of IA's coherent strategy toward scientific exploitation of unprecedentedly large sets of photometric data for billions of galaxies with ESA’s Euclid space mission, scheduled for launch in 2023.” Euclid will provide a detailed cartography of the Universe and shed light into the nature of the enigmatic dark matter and dark energy. The IA coordinates the Portuguese participation in Euclid and leads or co-leads, within the Euclid consortium, several work packages in the field of Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy. https://youtu.be/UTlYUxucEZA Notes A Quasar is an extremely bright and very distant active galactic nucleus, formed by a supermassive black hole with an accretion disk around it. The disk material, accelerated almost to the speed of light, heats up by friction, becoming extremely bright. Because these objects are very distant, when they were discovered, they seemed to be stars, and were dubbed quasi-stellar objects, or quas-ars for short. A Supernova is a stellar explosion. It might be the result of the death of a massive star (type II), or of the accretion of matter from a giant star by a dwarf star, until it reaches critical mass (type Ia). These explosions are so intense that, for a few weeks, its brightness is equivalent to the brightness of the whole host galaxy. The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences – IA) is the reference Portuguese research unit in this field, integrating researchers from the University of Lisbon, the University of Coimbra and the University of Porto, and encompasses most of the field’s national scientific output. It was evaluated as "Excellent" in the last evaluation of research and development units undertaken by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT). IA's activity is funded by national and international funds, including FCT/MCES (UIDB/04434/2020 e UIDP/04434/2020). The article “Photometric redshift-aided classification using ensemble learning”, was published online in Astronomy & Astrophysics (DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243135). Photometry is a technique to measure the intensity of light emitted by astronomical objects. Redshift is the increase in the wavelength of light, which results from an object moving away from us. This wavelength shift, in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, translates in a shift of color towards the red part of the spectrum, or “red-shift”. The redshift of an astronomical object can be used to determine the distance of the object. Contacts Pedro Cunha; Andrew Humphrey Science Communication Group Ricardo Cardoso Reis; Sérgio Pereira; Filipe Pires (coordination, Porto); João Retrê (coordination, Lisbon)
Ask the Astronomer "Living in Other Worlds"	IA researcher Pedro Machado answered questions about living and travelling to other worlds in a live Q&A session. Video record of the session on the 24th November, 2020, as part of the celebrations of the National Day of Scientific Culture (in Portuguese). Watch this and other videos on IA’s channel on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-BvbAtLekk
Asteroid named after Portuguese astrophysicist	The asteroid (40210) 1998 SL56 is now designated (40210) Peixinho, the name of the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and University of Coimbra researcher. Learn more (only in Portuguese) »

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Meet the "Next Generation Astronomy", followed by a concert by fado singer Casimira Alves, on the 1st of June.

The Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço supports once more the national programming competition "A Criar com Scratch!" (Creating with Scratch!) setting as a theme for this year's edition "Our galaxy: the Milky Way".

Researchers of the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço will take us on a journey from the Solar System to the edge of the Universe in five-minute presentations.

In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to gravitational waves.

Program:

21h30

Gravitational Waves - The cosmic symphony that shook the world (in Portuguese)

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23h30

24h00

21h30 – 00h30

In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to the bright side of the Universe.

Program:

21h30

The Bright Side of the Universe (in Portuguese)

23h00

23h30

24h00

21h30 – 00h30

In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to the dark side of the Universe.

Program:

21h30

The Dark Side of the Eclipse (in Portuguese)

23h00

23h30

24h00

21h30 – 00h30

In the celebrations of the total solar eclipse of 1919, take part in astronomical observations, guided visits to a historical observatory, and a public talk dedicated to Einstein's contribution to science.

Program:

21h30

The Origin of Time in Cosmology: back to Einstein's message (in Portuguese)

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21h30 – 00h30

In 2021, the Portugal Day, an day of the Portuguese poet Camões and of the Portuguese communities spread across the world, is also going to be a day of solar eclipse. In the Arctic, the eclipse will be annular. In Portugal, it will be partial, with Azores offering the best view of the show.

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IA researchers

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With Pedro Machado, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa (FCUL).

Have a chat with researchers about the new horizons of Astronomy.

Travels in space and time

The Universe of telescopes

A new window over the Universe

A Criar com Scratch! (Creating with Scratch) in 2019

Led by Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) researchers, a new study developed a method to measure, in an automatic way, the inclination angle between the Earth and the rotation axis of red giant stars.

T Tauri is a variable star in the constellation of Taurus that is located roughly at a distance of 470 light-years.

Herbig-Haro 34 object (HH 34) is located in the Orion nebula, a broad star formation region that is located to the south of the belt of this famous hunter in the Greek mythology.

The star Mekbuda, in the constellation of Gemini, is a pulsating star. Its pulsating nature allows researchers to obtain more information from it than from a non-variable star.

Mintaka is the westernmost of the three stars of Orion’s belt, that is the marker of the northern night sky during the winter.

Procyon A (in the constellation of Canis Minor) was one of the first solar-type variable stars ever discovered.

Rigel is the brightest star in the constellation Orion. It is ranked as the seventh brightest star in the night sky.

An international team, including several researchers from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA), studied in detail the LHS 1140 system and found that the "b" exoplanet, which orbits within the stars habitability zone, should have a large ocean of liquid water.

The hearts of some galaxies are among the most violent places in the Universe, powered by titanic black holes. Some of these black holes swallow, every year, the mass of a thousand Suns. Let’s get closer.

An adventure of Portuguese astronomy and engineering in the World's driest desert, the Atacama, in Chile.

With João Lin Yun, of Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa

It is very similar to Earth in size, but has two and half times the mass of our planet, which makes it after all much denser and, in its global composition, more resembling Mercury.

This ESA mission, the first dedicated to study the nature, formation and evolution of exoplanets, has a strong participation of several researchers from Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA).

Live transmission

SHEEP is a new artificial intelligence software, developed by researchers at Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, in Portugal, to help classify astronomical sources.

The asteroid (40210) 1998 SL56 is now designated (40210) Peixinho, the name of the Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IA) and University of Coimbra researcher.

SHEEP is a new artificial intelligence software, developed by researchers at *Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço**, in Portugal, to help classify astronomical sources.*